Algae: A key ingredient for biofuels?

By Team IO

As global energy demands increase, alternative and sustainable sources are sought, with algae-based biofuel becoming a potential front-runner. Sarawak, a region naturally rich in resources, is exploring the production of this biofuel. The industrial biotechnology field recognises the potential of algae in biofuel production, with advancements in cultivation, harvesting, and conversion technologies, and the implementation of algae-based biorefineries. However, challenges remain in cost competitiveness and scalable production. Oil firms, previously supportive, are withdrawing funding due to the large financial commitment needed.

Unlocking algae’s potential

Algae, an ancient organism, has shown immense potential for biofuel production. As global energy demands increase, this potential has become increasingly relevant. Algae’s appeal lies in its natural abundance and its capability to grow in various environments without competing for arable land, thus reducing environmental impact and food-versus-fuel conflicts.

Industrial biotechnologists are focusing on unlocking the potential of algae through strain selection and genetic engineering. By manipulating the metabolic pathways of algae, scientists aim to optimise lipid production, which is crucial for biofuel production. These advancements in strain engineering and genetic modification are leading to higher yields and improved lipid profiles.

Scaling up cultivation

As research progresses, innovative cultivation and harvesting techniques have been developed. From open ponds and closed photo-bioreactors to ocean cultivation, the methods depend on the desired product and species. Techniques like flocculation and centrifugation efficiently separate algae from the growth medium, enhancing productivity.

Among the pioneers of algae cultivation is the London-based startup, Brilliant Planet, which is cultivating algae in the Sahara Desert. The company has leased 6,100 hectares of land in southern Morocco to grow algae and developed a method to grow algae at exponential rates, mimicking natural algae blooms.

The algae biorefinery: A sustainable solution

The concept of algae-based biorefineries is gaining momentum in industrial biotechnology. These biorefineries utilise valuable co-products extracted from algae, making cultivation economically viable and environmentally sustainable. Algae possess valuable co-products such as high-protein biomass, antioxidants, and pigments that can be extracted and utilised in various industries.

Slime for the climate, delivered by brown algae

Brown algae take up large amounts of carbon dioxide from the air and release parts of the carbon contained therein back into the environment in mucous form.

Moreover, advancements in algae-to-biofuel conversion technologies have been made. Transesterification, hydrothermal liquefaction, and anaerobic digestion are some of the conversion technologies that are currently being optimised. For instance, Brilliant Planet has developed a process where the dried algae are buried, effectively trapping the carbon for thousands of years.

Overcoming challenges

Despite these significant advancements, the commercialisation of algae-based biofuels remains a challenge. The main obstacles include cost competitiveness, scaling up from lab-scale to large-scale production, and ensuring sustainability in algae cultivation.

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Additionally, the withdrawal of funding from big oil firms has been a setback for the industry. ExxonMobil, the last remaining proponent of green algae biofuel, recently withdrew its support after investing $350 million in algae biofuels over 12 years.

Looking ahead

Despite the challenges, the algae biofuel market is projected to grow significantly from 2023 to 2030, with key industry players such as Algenol, Blue Marble Production, Solazyme, and Sapphire Energy leading the way. These companies are exploring different types of algae biofuels, including biodiesel, jet fuel, and biocrude, and their applications in transportation and other sectors.

The collective effort of academia, industry, and policymakers is critical to overcome the challenges and pave the way for a greener, more sustainable energy future powered by algae-based biofuels.